Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi at the age of 27 announced his claim to the throne of Afghanistan and his brother Ismael announced his claim to be king from the city of Balkh. Mahmud defeated his brother in Ghazni captured him and imprisoned him for life in the province of Jowzjan. Meanwhile he defeated the Samani kingdom and captured Toos. Mahmud intended to make this kingdom more powerful and sought to bring wealth to his capital in Ghazni. His influences reached Baghdad and captured Gorjistan from Abu Naser, Sistan from Khalf Bin Ahmad and by 1002 ad Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi defeated the mighty Khalif Bin Ahmad and Amir Omar and stopped his western conquers and concentrated towards the eastern fronts.

In 1001 Sultan Mahmud defeated Jeebal the king of Kabulistan and marched further into Peshawer and in 1005 makde it his center for his forces. From this strategic location Mahmud was able to capture Panjab in 1007, Tanseer fell in 1014, Kashmir was captured in 1015 and Qanoch fell in 1017. By 1027 Sultan Mahmud had captured most of northern India. Sultan Mahmud would place his prisoners of war in jail and never hanged him for any reason, he would let them die in prison instead.

On 1010 Sultan Mahmud Ghaznawi captured Ghor and by 1011 annexed Balouchistan. Sultan Mahmud had already had relationships with the leadership in Blakh through marriage, Abu Nasr Mohammad offered his services to Sultan Mahmud and offered his daughter to Mohammad son of Sultan Mahmud. After Nasr’s death Mahmud brought Balkh under his leadership.

By 1017 Aliak Khan, an ally of Sultan Mahmud invaded Heart and Balkh. This was out of the ordinary because Sultan Mahmud had married Aliak Khan’s daughter 18 years earlier. Sultan Mahmud gathered a powerful force of 50 thousand warriors and attacked the heart of Aliak Khans army. Sultan Mahmud was in full armor in this battle and has personally captured Aliak Khan’s flag and forced him across the Jayhoon river ( Amu Darya).

By 1024 Sultan Mahmud was so powerful that he crossed the Amu River and fearing his advance Qadr Khan the brother of Aliak Khan greeted Sultan Mahmud and offered him his full cooperation. Qadr Khan and offered his son to Sultan Mahmud for services.

In 1030 Sultan Mahmud Fell gravely ill and died at the age of 59. Sultan Mahmud was a very strong man gifted speaker and was very handsome. He was a great warrior and showed great horsemanship skills. Though he didn’t understand the Arabic language but was well versed in the laws of Islam. He loved poetry, Astronomy and Math and would encourage others to learn. Sultan Mahmud had no tolerance for other religions and only praised Islam due to its pureness and un-edited texts. Universities were formed were subjects of Math, Religious Studies, Humanities and Medicine were thought only within the laws Sahria. Islam was the Main religion of his Kingdom and Dari language replaced the many different languages spoken at the time. For the first time ever, this region was under one rule, one religion and one language.